Potato cultivation in Egypt

Potato cultivation in Egypt

Proper soil:

The most suitable types of land to grow potatoes are light tilapia and Algerian soil with good drainage and ventilation with the need to follow a trilateral agricultural cycle. It can also be cultivated in sandy and reclaimed lands provided that organic and green fertilizers are available. It can also be cultivated in calcareous soil, provided that calcium carbonate does not exceed 10% With the need to improve drainage networks to avoid the formation of solid layers.

Date of Agriculture:

Potatoes are grown in three main varieties:

A - Summer hook: It is grown from late December to mid - February and the best time to plant it is during

And most of the area of ​​this loop is grown with certified seed imported from abroad.

B - Nile loop: The main loop of production in Egypt in terms of cultivated area and cultivated early areas as of mid-August

And until the end of October and the most appropriate date is the first half of October, and cultivate the areas of this loop with local produce is made from the crop Tab

Previous.

C - winter loop (Almhirp): It is intended for export and grown locally certified feed from the output of the previous summer loop from late October

Until mid-November.

Amount of seed needed for feddan:

For the summer meal, the feddan needs 750 or 800 kg of split seed. For Nile and Marinata, the feddan is required from 1250 - 1500

Kg of whole, undivided seedling up to 1750 kg in some varieties of large tubers.

Preparation of seeds for agriculture:

1 - the process of green sprouting of seeds

This process is carried out on the seeds before planting them in two weeks, where they are emptied from their range on dry clean ground or in plastic field boxes with a height of 2-3

Layers and so leave the seedling for two weeks in a good place for lighting, ventilation and away from direct sunlight and extreme air currents while providing a source of moisture

On the seedling until you finally get a strong green thick and short, the length of the length - 1 cm is maintained until the cultivation in the field.

The aim of this process is to increase the number of eyes on the surface of the tuber and the speed of the emergence of plants above the soil surface and early maturity of the crop.

2 - the process of cutting seeds

This process is conducted on the seeds of the summer hook only and the medium and large tubers of sizes ranging from 45 to 60 g,

For 45 g. Cultivated whole without cutting The seeds are cut lengthwise from 2 to 4 parts only according to their size, taking into account the following points:

* The weight of the seed piece to be grown should not be less than 40 or 50 g (the size of the large egg).

* The seeds to be grown should contain at least 2-3 eyes.

* Use several sharp knives in the shredder and disinfect them with a disinfectant such as alcohol.

* Cut before planting for 24 - 48 hours until the layer is formed on the cut surface.

Preparation of land for agriculture

A- In the old lands

- Earth plowing two times perpendicular between them for a week of sunshine and ventilation.

- After the first sowing add the organic manure at a rate of 20 m 3 per feddan + 500 kg of superphosphate fertilizer (15.5%) + 100 kg fertilizer

Potassium sulfate (48%).

- After the second plowing, the earth crawls well and is settled and softened and then divided into 1 - 2 carats and then irrigated abundant irrigation and leave to dry dry

Suitable for planting.

B in the new lands

- As in the old lands, the earth plows twice perpendicular between them a week.

- Also after the first heather add organic fertilizer at the rate of 20 - 30 m 3 per feddan + 400 - 500 kg fertilizer ammonia sulfate (20.6).

- After the second plowing, the earth crawls well and is settled and softened in preparation for cultivation.

Agriculture

A - In the old lands

The most common method is the method of plowing, in which the first two plows are used to plan the land at a rate of 10 lines in the two layers so that the seeds are placed in the bottom of the line

The distance of 20-25 cm and at a depth of about 10 cm, and then the second plow directly to run over the pieces of seeds that were cultivated before drying the belly of the lines if left

Long period without cover and then cut the ground to an individual with a length of 3 rods (about 10.5 m) by means of alternating water to tighten the irrigation process.

B - in the new land

Agriculture in new and reclaimed lands is done by automatic means to avoid the shortage of trained manpower and high wages. There are two ways of automatic farming:

1. Semi-automatic farming method.

It is equipped with a fertilization device and there are two or four lines of cultivation, which is the cultivation of tubers, whether full or fragmented and need to work to obtain the seeds and efficiency

2.5 acres per day for two-line villas.

2 - Complete method of agriculture mechanism.

They may also be fitted with a fertilizing device. Complete tubers that have been graded are preferred, and the pruning machines are preferred according to the size of tubers

Used for these machines need a tractor driver, including 2 or 4 or 6 lines and the efficiency of the machine with two lines to 5 or 6 acres a day.

Process of crop service

1 Irrigation Plants

- Potatoes from highly sensitive crops to lack of soil moisture, especially during the stage of molding and composition of new tubers (after about 5-7 weeks of

Agriculture) and the next stage, which is the stage of growth and size of these tubers so that the ratio of soil moisture during these phases should not be less than 60% of

Water is not even easy to cause the lack of the number of tubers formed and small sizes and therefore the lack of crop and the least affected by the lack of soil moisture is a period

The first growth of plant life (15 - 20 days after planting) and the yellowing period of the vegetable total and then the maturity stage of the tubers.

- The summer loop needs about 10-12 riyalsWhile the Nile or Tiny loop needs only about 6-8 riyals in the old lands which are irrigated with the surface irrigation system. The first irrigation is given after 18-21 days of planting and then irrigated according to the prevailing weather conditions in the area, soil type and different stages of plant growth. Pre-harvest irrigation is stopped for about 1 - 2 weeks in both summer and Nile (or baffling) conditions respectively to ensure dryness of the soil and hardness of the dandruff crust at harvest - in the case of sandy and reclaimed land where the advanced irrigation systems irrigate the plants every 2 - 3 days for 1 2 hours of planting time, depending on the weather conditions prevailing in the area and the different stages of the life of the different plants, so that the irrigation is stopped before the harvest for 4-7 days for the summer and nigella berries respectively. - In all cases, avoid irrigation during the afternoon or at high temperature to prevent any damage. 2 - 3 Nectarization - The first crop begins after the germination is completed and the appearance of most of the plants above the surface of the soil and is superficial (scribble) to remove the grassesothelic lining of the lines. The following isolates are deep and in which the soil is raised around the plants of the feathers to cover the formed tubers And protection against sun rays and tuberization of tubers - stop hoeing at the age of 70 days for the largest total vegetable total of plants. 3 Fertilizing Plants Recommend the addition of the following fertilizer rates: a. Old lands (under surface irrigation system) - 20 m3 Old municipal fertilizer to be added The last plowing - 150 - 180 units of nitrogen are added in three batches as follows: First batch: 40 - 50 units at the completion of germination in the form of compost sulfate (20.6%) Second batch: 50 - 60 units after the first two weeks in the form of nitrate fertilizer (33%) Third batch: 60-75 units Fu 2a 5 in the form of single superphosphate fertilizer (15.5%) is added during the preparation of the land for agriculture before the last plowing with the compost. 96 unit PU 2a of potassium sulfate fertilizer (48% During the preparation of the land for agriculture and the second after the completion of germination and the beginning of 

the formation of new tubers. - In the new lands (under advanced irrigation systems) - 20 m3 old municipal fertilizer is added during the preparation of the land for cultivation before the last plowing .- 120-150 units of nitrogen added as: (20.6%) and the rest of the quantity is added to about 5 - 6 batches with irrigation water up to the age of 70 days so that the first batch in the form of sulphate and the rest of the payments in the form of ammonium nitrate fertilizer (33%) .- 60 - 70 units F2A5 in the form of single superphosphate fertilizer (15.5%) is added during the preparation of the land for agriculture - 96 units PU 2A in the form of fertilizer potassium sulphate (48%) is added as in the old lands .- Plants with a solution containing a mixture of iron, zinc and manganese elements twice at the age of 55 - 70 days, especially in the new land to increase the enzymatic activity in the formation of starch and sugars. Note: In the case of fertilization with irrigation water prefer the use of fertilizers easy to dissolve in water. Modern agriculture, which is recommended to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and the trend towards the use of organic fertilizers and bio-fertilizers because of the effect on increasing the yield of tubers and reduce production costs and reduce the rate of environmental pollution, it can be used fertilizer composted cities (organic fertilizer) at 6 tons per feddan and then can reduce the quantities of mineral fertilizer recommended Crops maturity: Potato growth season in Egypt ranges from 90-120 days depending on the type, date of planting, etc. The signs of ripening of the crop: yellowing of the vegetative total of the plants is natural yellowing and not due to a satisfactory infection. 

Complete the formation of the crust and its adhesion to the meat and the difficulty of removing it by hand. The following are the technical points to consider during harvest: Remove the plant roots by cutting machines before harvesting for 24 - 48 hours. Start harvesting in the early morning before the temperature rise, especially in the summer hook. The open tubers are collected separately by the boys before starting Harvesting, where most of them are infected with potato tuber or sun blower or green. The plow should be deepened when opening the lines to avoid the mechanical injuries of the tubers as much as possible. Harvesting The tubers are left in the field under a trellis for 2 - 3 hours until the excess moisture is dispersed and then sorted to exclude tubers Damaged, infected and infected - in new lands: Harvesting in new and reclaimed areas and sandy land can be done mechanically due to the lack of trained manpower and high wages in such areas as the harvesting is done automatically in the large areas of the old delta lands. Immediately after the harvest and on the crop to be stored, the tubers are stacked in a pyramid shaped shape about 1 meter high and covered with a thick layer of dry dry rice straw at a height of 1 1/2 meters and left for 10-15 days under a trellis. To remove excess moisture from the tubers and harden the crust. Dry the granules of the soil stuck in the tubers and thus easy to clean. To heal the wounds that may occur during the harvest Easy to detect infected and damaged tubers and exclude them.

In the nolat: Storage can be stored between 2.5-3 months: Small and medium sized tubers are stored after sorting and excluding the damaged and infected tubers. The tubers are formed in the shape of a pyramidal spindle with a height of 1.5-2 meters, leaving a vacuum between each and every one. Biodegradation methods can be used, and potatoes are covered with a thick layer of dry dry rice straw with a height of 40-50 cm with straw fogging with one of the recommended pesticides. Storage in refrigerators: Small and medium tubers shall be stored after sorting and excluding the damaged and infected. 33 kg, and the stakes are placed in the form of blocks and each block with 16 leaves, leaving spaces between 25 cm, where they are stored at 3 - 4 m and 90% relative humidity for up to 8 months. It is noted that potatoes for fresh consumption or manufacturing are stored on Temperature 10 m and relative humidity 85 - 90%